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Preface ix
Communication and Intercultural Competence
Introduction to Intercultural Competence	p. 1
Imperatives for Intercultural Competence	p. 3
The Demographic Imperative for Intercultural Competence	p. 3
The Technological Imperative for Intercultural Competence	p. 6
The Economic Imperative for Intercultural Competence	p. 8
The Peace Imperative for Intercultural Competence	p. 9
The Interpersonal Imperative for Intercultural Competence	p. 11
Communication	p. 12
Defining Communication	p. 12
Characteristics of Communication	p. 13
Interpersonal Communication	p. 19
The Challenge of Communicating in an Intercultural World	p. 21
Summary	p. 22
For Discussion	p. 23
For Further Reading	p. 23
Culture and Intercultural Communication	p. 24
Culture	p. 25
Defining Culture for the Study of Communication	p. 25
Culture and Related Terms	p. 29
Why Cultures Differ	p. 33
Forces That Maintain Cultural Differences	p. 33
The Interrelatedness of Cultural Forces	p. 44
Intercultural Communication	p. 46
Examples of Intercultural Interactions	p. 46
Similarities and Differences between Communicators	p. 50
Definition of Intercultural Communication	p. 52
Intercultural Communication and Related Terms	p. 53
Summary	p. 55
For Discussion	p. 56
For Further Reading	p. 56
Intercultural Communication Competence	p. 57
The United States as an Intercultural Community	p. 58
Metaphors of U.S. Cultural Diversity	p. 59
What Do You Call Someone from the United States of America?	p. 62
Cultural Groups in the United States	p. 63
Competence and Intercultural Communication	p. 65
Intercultural Communication Competence	p. 65
The Components of Intercultural Competence	p. 66
Basic Tools for Improving Intercultural Competence	p. 72
The Basics of Intercultural Competence	p. 72
Description, Interpretation, and Evaluation	p. 76
Summary	p. 80
For Discussion	p. 81
For Further Reading	p. 81
Cultural Differences in Communication
Cultural Patterns and Communication: Foundations	p. 83
Defining Cultural Patterns	p. 85
Components of Cultural Patterns	p. 85
Beliefs	p. 86
Values	p. 88
Norms	p. 89
Social Practices	p. 89
Characteristics of Cultural Patterns	p. 90
The Functions of Cultural Patterns	p. 90
An Overview of Cultural Patterns	p. 92
Cultural Patterns and Intercultural Competence	p. 104
Summary	p. 106
For Discussion	p. 106
For Further Reading	p. 106
Cultural Patterns and Communication: Taxonomies	p. 107
Hall's High- and Low-Context Cultural Taxonomy	p. 109
Use of Covert and Overt Messages	p. 109
Importance of Ingroups and Outgroups	p. 112
Orientation to Time	p. 112
Hofstede's Cultural Taxonomy	p. 113
Power Distance	p. 114
Uncertainty Avoidance	p. 115
Individualism versus Collectivism	p. 116
Masculinity versus Femininity	p. 118
Long-Term versus Short-Term Time Orientation	p. 119
Indulgence versus Restraint	p. 120
Monumentalism versus Self-Effacement	p. 120
Comparing Hofstede's Dimensions	p. 121
The Globe Cultural Taxonomy	p. 124
Power Distance	p. 126
Uncertainty Avoidance	p. 126
In-Group Collectivism	p. 127
Institutional Collectivism	p. 127
Gender Egalitarianism	p. 128
Assertiveness	p. 129
Performance Orientation	p. 130
Future Orientation	p. 130
Humane Orientation	p. 131
Comparing the Globe Dimensions	p. 131
Cultural Taxonomies and Intercultural
Competence	p. 138
Summary	p. 139
For Discussion	p. 140
For Further Reading	p. 140
Cultural Identity and Cultural Biases	p. 141
Cultural Identity	p. 142
The Nature of Identity	p. 142
The Formation of Cultural Identity	p. 143
Characteristics of Cultural Identity	p. 145
Cultural Biases	p. 147
Social Categorizing	p. 148
Ethnocentrism	p. 149
Stereotyping	p. 152
Prejudice	p. 156
Discrimination	p. 158
Racism	p. 159
Identity, Biases, and Intercultural
Competence	p. 162
Summary	p. 163
For Discussion	p. 164
For Further Reading	p. 164
Coding Intercultural Communication
Verbal Intercultural Communication	p. 165
The Power of Language in Intercultural Communication	p. 166
Definition of Verbal Codes	p. 167
The Features of Language	p. 168
Rule Systems in Verbal Codes	p. 169
Interpretation and Intercultural Communication	p. 174
Language, Thought, Culture, and Intercultural Communication	p. 177
The Sapir-Whorf Hypothesis of Linguistic Relativity	p. 177
Language and Intercultural Communication	p. 185
Verbal Codes and Intercultural Competence	p. 193
Summary	p. 195
For Discussion	p. 196
For Further Reading	p. 196
Nonverbal Intercultural Communication	p. 197
Definition of Nonverbal Codes	p. 198
Characteristics of Nonverbal Codes	p. 198
Relationship of Nonverbal to Verbal Communication	p. 199
Cultural Universals in Nonverbal Communication	p. 200
Cultural Variations in Nonverbal Communication	p. 201
Nonverbal Messages in Intercultural Communication	p. 204
Body Movements	p. 204
Space	p. 208
Touch	p. 210
Time	p. 212
Voice	p. 215
Other Nonverbal Code Systems	p. 216
Synchrony of Nonverbal Communication Codes	p. 218
Nonverbal Communication and Intercultural Competence	p. 219
Summary	p. 221
For Discussion	p. 222
For Further Reading	p. 222
The Effects of Code Usage in Intercultural Communication	p. 223
Preferences in the Organization of Messages	p. 224
Organizational Preferences in the Use of U.S. English	p. 224
Organizational Preferences in Other Languages and Cultures	p. 225
Cultural Variations in Persuasion	p. 228
Persuasion in Intercultural Encounters	p. 228
Cultural Differences in What Is Acceptable as Evidence	p. 229
Cultural Differences in Styles of Persuasion	p. 231
Cultural Variations in the Structure of Conversations	p. 235
Value of Talk and Silence	p. 235
Rules for Conversations	p. 237
Effects of Code Usage on Intercultural Competence	p. 241
Summary	p. 242
For Discussion	p. 242
For Further Reading	p. 243
Communication in Intercultural Relationships
Intercultural Competence in Interpersonal Relationships	p. 244
Cultural Variations in Interpersonal Relationships	p. 245
Types of Interpersonal Relationships	p. 245
Dimensions of Interpersonal Relationships	p. 252
Dynamics of Interpersonal Relationships	p. 255
The Maintenance of Face in Interpersonal Relationships	p. 257
Types of Face Needs	p. 257
Facework and Interpersonal Communication	p. 260
Facework and Intercultural Communication	p. 261
Improving Intercultural Relationships	p. 262
Learning about People from Other Cultures	p. 262
Sharing Oneself with People from Other Cultures	p. 267
Handling Differences in Intercultural Relationships	p. 268
Interpersonal Relationships and Intercultural Competence	p. 271
Summary	p. 272
For Discussion	p. 272
For Further Reading	p. 272
Episodes, Contexts, and Intercultural Interactions	p. 274
Social Episodes in Intercultural Relationships	p. 274
The Nature of Social Episodes	p. 275
Components of Social Episodes	p. 276
Contexts for Intercultural Communication	p. 283
The Health Care Context	p. 283
The Educational Context	p. 290
The Business Context	p. 297
Episodes, Contexts, and Intercultural Competence	p. 310
Summary	p. 310
For Discussion	p. 310
For Further Reading	p. 310
The Potential for Intercultural Competence	p. 312
Intercultural Contact	p. 313
Dominance and Subordination between Groups	p. 313
Attitudes among Cultural Members	p. 315
Outcomes of Intercultural Contact	p. 317
The Ethics of Intercultural Competence	p. 324
When in Rome...	p. 325
Are Cultural Values Relative or Universal?	p. 326
Do the Ends Justify the Means?	p. 327
Ethics-Your Choices	p. 329
The Perils and Prospects for Intercultural Competence	p. 329
Impact of National and International Events on Intercultural Communication	p. 329
Forces That Pull Us Together and Apart	p. 333
Concluding Remarks	p. 335
Summary	p. 336
For Discussion	p. 337
For Further Reading	p. 337
Resources	p. 338
Intercultural Films	p. 338
Online Resources	p. 339
Notes	p. 342
Text Credits	p. 373
Author Index	p. 377
Subject Index	p. 383
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Intercultural Competence : Interpersonal Communication Across Cultures

0205595758

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